Ethiopia: Deforestation: Difference between revisions

Ethiopia has a rich and varied history, but its modern history which arguably laid the foundations of its long and bloody conflict in the late 20th century and its current position as one of the poorest nations on the planet began with the first overt European interference in the country’s affairs in the mid-19th century. Until 1936, Ethiopia had avoided the fate of most other African nations during the Europeans’ [[wikipedia:en:Scramble_for_Africa|scramble for African colonies]], although it was subject to military attacks, first by the British during an 1868 expedition to Abyssinia to rescue British nationals imprisoned by [[wikipedia:en:Tewodros_II|King Tewodros II]], and then the Italians, who were desperate to keep up with the British, French, Belgians by carving out their own little piece of empire on the continent. Italian companies acquired land in [[wikipedia:en:Eritrea|Eritrea]] on the [[wikipedia:en:Red_Sea|Red Sea]] board of Ethiopia in the 1870s and 1880s and then occupied it with Italian soldiers in 1888. Under [[wikipedia:en:Menelik_II|Emperor Menelik II]], the Ethiopians signed the [[wikipedia:en:Treaty_of_Wuchale|Treaty of Wuchale]] with the Italians in 1889, granting them part of Northern Ethiopia in return for guns and ammunition to help fight the [[wikipedia:en:Egyptian_Sudan|Egyptian Sudanese]]. Eritrea was effectively recognised by Ethiopia as an [[wikipedia:en:Italian_Colonial_Empire|Italian colony]] from this date (and up until [[wikipedia:en:Mussolini|Mussolini]] assumed power in Italy in 1922, when the new administration stressed the racial and political superiority of Italians, "[t]he local population shared in the benefits conferred under Italian colonial administration, especially through newly created medical services, agricultural improvements, and the provision of urban amenities..."). <ref>Ofcansky, T., & LaVerle Berry, eds. (1991) Ethiopia: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Available from http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/</ref> However, the Italians said this also gave them power over all Ethiopia, but Menelik demurred, saying the native Amharic language version of the treaty said no such thing. Tensions came to a head in 1896 when the two nations went to war and the Italians were completely defeated at the [[wikipedia:en:Battle_of_Adowa|Battle of Adowa]] – the first time a European army had ever been beaten by an African military force. The Italians recognised the full independence of Ethiopia as a result, although they never forgot their humiliation and returned to militarily intervene in Ethiopia again in 1936 under Mussolini.