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== The global civil society phenomenon ==
== The global civil society phenomenon ==
The emergence of civil society (CS) in its various forms, which has been seen since the early 1990s, is a fascinating component of the change the world is undergoing today, somewhat impractically called globalisation. CS has become an important player in global processes, their conscience, critical reflection, the voice of the excluded, and a source of alternatives. As an autonomous network of organisations and communities, it can be defined negatively by belonging neither to the sphere of the state nor to that of the market, and as such, having enforced a new type of socio-political thinking which deals with the need to incorporate it as the third pillar of the global system, alongside the market and the political system represented by national states (Perlas, 1999; Gilbert, 2000).
The emergence of civil society in its various forms, which has been seen since the early 1990s, is a fascinating component of the change the world is undergoing today, somewhat impractically called globalisation. Civic society has become an important player in global processes, their conscience, critical reflection, the voice of the excluded, and a source of alternatives. As an autonomous network of organisations and communities, it can be defined negatively by belonging neither to the sphere of the state nor to that of the market, and as such, having enforced a new type of socio-political thinking which deals with the need to incorporate it as the third pillar of the global system, alongside the market and the political system represented by national states (Perlas, 1999; Gilbert, 2000).


Over the last two decades, civil society has succeeded in putting on hold the Multilateral Agreement on Investment – MAI; blocking the annual general meeting of the World Trade Organisation – WTO – in Seattle; pushing through a ban on land mines; proposing a new form of global power and finance architecture in Port Alegre, Brazil; fighting for poverty alleviation; giving help to those who have needed it; and producing media spectacles such as Live-Aid in London’s Hyde Park. Civil society includes guerrillas in the jungles of Chiapas, Mexico, armed with internet access, and sharp fights with multinational corporations. The independence of civil society is indispensable in areas where official development aid encounters political barriers and is seen as an extended arm of the global superpowers’ imperial cravings. It is more flexible and acts faster than state structures and does not depend on revenue generation like the private sector does. It has become the sought-after partner and an incantation among the international organisations, which address it as a source of information and legitimacy impaired by decades of insensitive global politics.
Over the last two decades, civil society has succeeded in putting on hold the Multilateral Agreement on Investment – MAI; blocking the annual general meeting of the World Trade Organisation – WTO – in Seattle; pushing through a ban on land mines; proposing a new form of global power and finance architecture in Port Alegre, Brazil; fighting for poverty alleviation; giving help to those who have needed it; and producing media spectacles such as Live-Aid in London’s Hyde Park. Civil society includes guerrillas in the jungles of Chiapas, Mexico, armed with internet access, and sharp fights with multinational corporations. The independence of civil society is indispensable in areas where official development aid encounters political barriers and is seen as an extended arm of the global superpowers’ imperial cravings. It is more flexible and acts faster than state structures and does not depend on revenue generation like the private sector does. It has become the sought-after partner and an incantation among the international organisations, which address it as a source of information and legitimacy impaired by decades of insensitive global politics.


As a power independent from both the state and the market, CS maintains a permanent dynamic relation to them which takes on different forms, ranging from support and co-operation to open conflict. CS has been the opponent to governments which violate human rights or use power to protect the economic interests of their elites, as we have seen during the occupation in Iraq. CS has been the loud-speaking opponent of the neo-liberal economic doctrine, propagated by the international economic organisations and central banks of the rich countries as a tool for global economic reforms. It was this opposition to liberalisation and the Washington Consensus that has won many activists the ‘anti-globalist’ label (for more on neo-liberalism, see George, 2001; Williamson, 2000; Kanbur, 2003).
As a power independent from both the state and the market, civic society maintains a permanent dynamic relation to them which takes on different forms, ranging from support and co-operation to open conflict. Civic society has been the opponent to governments which violate human rights or use power to protect the economic interests of their elites, as we have seen during the occupation in Iraq. Civic society has been the loud-speaking opponent of the neo-liberal economic doctrine, propagated by the international economic organisations and central banks of the rich countries as a tool for global economic reforms. It was this opposition to liberalisation and the Washington Consensus that has won many activists the ‘anti-globalist’ label (for more on neo-liberalism, see George, 2001; Williamson, 2000; Kanbur, 2003).


Civil society, i.e. social movements, churches, non-governmental organisations, unions, foundations, and loosely organised groups called ‘grassroots’, have become a global phenomenon just like McDonalds. One can hardly picture the modern globalised world without a broad range of players falling into the category of civil society. What is more, CS can be seen as the crucial key to decoding the complex global tangle. This paper will attempt to outline the forms and roles that CS assumes in the globalisation process.
Civil society, i.e. social movements, churches, non-governmental organisations, unions, foundations, and loosely organised groups called ‘grassroots’, have become a global phenomenon just like McDonalds. One can hardly picture the modern globalised world without a broad range of players falling into the category of civil society. What is more, civic society can be seen as the crucial key to decoding the complex global tangle. This paper will attempt to outline the forms and roles that civic society assumes in the globalisation process.


''Civil society is capable of:''
''Civil society is capable of:''


1. creating agendas and coming up with new social issues;
# creating agendas and coming up with new social issues;


2. negotiating results;
# negotiating results;


3. reinforcing or undermining the legitimacy of other players, i.e., the state and the market; and
# reinforcing or undermining the legitimacy of other players, i.e., the state and the market; and


4. yielding results in crises.
# yielding results in crises.


== The network society and trans-national players ==
== The network society and trans-national players ==
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To understand the dramatic growth in civil society, it is useful to call to mind several '''key characteristics of globalisation processes'''. These will surely include the trans-nationalisation and the network character of the present-day global players, the time-space transformation of globalisation, and the virtualisation attributed to the growing information and communications technologies and to changes in the global political economy as well as in the value orientation of modern-day society.
To understand the dramatic growth in civil society, it is useful to call to mind several '''key characteristics of globalisation processes'''. These will surely include the trans-nationalisation and the network character of the present-day global players, the time-space transformation of globalisation, and the virtualisation attributed to the growing information and communications technologies and to changes in the global political economy as well as in the value orientation of modern-day society.


*[[CS in the Network Society]]
*[[Civic society in the Network Society]]
*[[Global political economy]]
*[[Global political economy]]
*[[CS versus the State and the Market]]
*[[Civic society versus the State and the Market]]
== Strategies ==
== Strategies ==


'''Three general types '''of attitudes that CS organisations assume toward governmental and private players are [[Civic society strategies|opposition, co-operation, and co-option]].
'''Three general types '''of attitudes that civic society organisations assume toward governmental and private players are [[Civic society strategies|opposition, co-operation, and co-option]].


*[[Question of Legitimacy]]
*[[Question of Legitimacy]]
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== Forms and types of civil society ==
== Forms and types of civil society ==


Civil society assumes countless forms, and each attempt at categorising it is necessarily an analytical simplification. Regarding their functionality, CS organisations can be divided into two types: service providing organisations (such as humanitarian ones, those servicing disadvantaged population segments, etc.), and organisations that try to achieve social or political changes by generating pressure on the political representation or by media publication of specific topics. It is obvious that out of the above mentioned four forms of influence of NGOs, the earlier type deals predominantly with implementing results. Development and humanitarian agencies play a unique role in giving help world-wide, and in 1992, for example, the funds distributed by these NGOs were about 8 thousand million dollars, amounting to 13% of the total development aid and more than the UN distributed.
Civil society assumes countless forms, and each attempt at categorising it is necessarily an analytical simplification. Regarding their functionality, civic society organisations can be divided into two types: service providing organisations (such as humanitarian ones, those servicing disadvantaged population segments, etc.), and organisations that try to achieve social or political changes by generating pressure on the political representation or by media publication of specific topics. It is obvious that out of the above mentioned four forms of influence of NGOs, the earlier type deals predominantly with implementing results. Development and humanitarian agencies play a unique role in giving help world-wide, and in 1992, for example, the funds distributed by these NGOs were about 8 thousand million dollars, amounting to 13% of the total development aid and more than the UN distributed.


It is clear that there are numerous overlaps between the two types, and many humanitarian and development organisations, such as the above mentioned OXFAM, are busy formulating political statements and lobbying.
It is clear that there are numerous overlaps between the two types, and many humanitarian and development organisations, such as the above mentioned OXFAM, are busy formulating political statements and lobbying.
*[[CS in the Global North and Global South: Organic and Institutionalised CS]]
*[[Civic society in the Global North and Global South: Organic and Institutionalised civic society]]


== Inside civil society: a dispute over the nature of globalisation ==
== Inside civil society: a dispute over the nature of globalisation ==


In the two recent decades, many organisations within CS have focused on the phenomenon of globalisation and its accompanying problems. The CS has been the background for a number of specific programmes of global reforms and the reconstruction of the global order. The proposals often differ diametrically and expose the deep discrepancies and principal controversies over the new architecture of globalisation.
In the two recent decades, many organisations within civic society have focused on the phenomenon of globalisation and its accompanying problems. The civic society has been the background for a number of specific programmes of global reforms and the reconstruction of the global order. The proposals often differ diametrically and expose the deep discrepancies and principal controversies over the new architecture of globalisation.


*[[Points of Agreement: Problems, Players, Rules]]
*[[Points of Agreement: Problems, Players, Rules]]
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