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Shopping centres: Difference between revisions
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== Problems connected to commercialization – urban, environmental and social aspects<br> == | == Problems connected to commercialization – urban, environmental and social aspects<br> == | ||
Besides benefits (employment, shopping availability, economic growth...), the construction og shopping centres is followed by numerous unpleasant consequences. A list of the most important one follows. <br> | |||
<br>1. The question of population decline in the city centre emerges as more and more buildings are loosing their residential function and used for office or retail areas instead. <br>2. As a result, people move out of the centre but commute there to work or for shopping, which causes traffic congestions. Suppliers contribute as well. | <br>1. The question of population decline in the city centre emerges as more and more buildings are loosing their residential function and used for office or retail areas instead. <br>2. As a result, people move out of the centre but commute there to work or for shopping, which causes traffic congestions. Suppliers contribute as well. | ||
{| | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" width="300" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col" | trafic increase<br> | ! scope="col" | trafic increase<br> | ||
! scope="col" | number of retail units | ! scope="col" | number of retail units | ||
! scope="col" | rate<br> | ! scope="col" | | ||
rate<br> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| < 5%<br> | | < 5%<br> | ||
| 66<br> | | 66<br> | ||
| 26,50 %<br> | | 26,50 %<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5,00-9,99%<br> | | 5,00-9,99%<br> | ||
| 67<br> | | 67<br> | ||
| 26,90 %<br> | | 26,90 %<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10-19,99 %<br> | | 10-19,99 %<br> | ||
| 65<br> | | 65<br> | ||
| 26,10 %<br> | | 26,10 %<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 20-29.99 %<br> | | 20-29.99 %<br> | ||
| 28<br> | | 28<br> | ||
| 11,20 %<br> | | 11,20 %<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| > 30%<br> | | > 30%<br> | ||
| 23<br> | | 23<br> | ||
| 9,20 %<br> | | 9,20 %<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| total<br> | | total<br> | ||
| 249<br> | | 249<br> | ||
| 100 %<br> | | 100 %<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| average<br> | | average<br> | ||
| <br> | | <br> | ||
| 11 %<br> | | 11 %<br> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Fig. | Fig.2: The impact of retail construction on traffic, NESEHNUTÍ <ref>http://nesehnuti.cz/publikace/vyzkum_2003-2009.pdf</ref><br> | ||
*This chart provides a dividing of retails units by the precentage of traffic increase that appeared after the opening. The good perception might be than 1/4 of the cases registered an increase of 5% in maximum. On the other hand the same number of cases reported an increase of up to 20%, which might be a horour for infrastructure in case it was often congested already. Increased traffic is a burden not only for the air quality, but also worsens noise pollution (currently one of the worst problems of the Czech environment) and throttles pedestrian comfort and safety too. | |||
<br>3. At the expense of new construction investments the already rare greenery is diminishing in the city centre.<br> | |||
[[Image:Land balance.jpg|419x285px|Land balance.jpg]] | [[Image:Land balance.jpg|419x285px|Land balance.jpg]] | ||
Fig. | Fig.3: The development of different types of land in Prague, ENVIS<ref>ENVIS, 2007: http://envis.praha-mesto.cz/%28cvvouk454exf1gmszo5zjmia%29/zdroj.aspx?typ=2&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;Id=79433&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;sh=-1015397439</ref> | ||
<br> | *Eventhough politicians like to pride themselves with numbers of newly planted trees or hectares of newly set up urban greenery, this chart shows that in total the nature-like land (forest, water, agricultural and other areas) has more or less stagnated, whereas the built-up area has increased has risen significantly since 1990.<br><br> | ||
4. Construction of suburban SC occupies land even more, because roads and parking lots have to be built too. Traffic increases again. A research from EIA 2003-2009<ref>NGO NESEHNUTÍ, 2010: http://nesehnuti.cz/publikace/vyzkum_2003-2009.pdf</ref> shows that<br> | |||
* 72% of SC in the Czech Republic have been built in the suburbs | * 72% of SC in the Czech Republic have been built in the suburbs | ||
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5. Small, former retailers are threatened and see SC as “unfair rivals”.<br>6. The design of new SC often omits local urban patterns and so interrupts the landscape or even the historical values. A study<ref>J.Temelová (2004): The Reflection of Globalization in non-housing estate in Prague after 1990. In M.Ouředníček: Social Goegraphy of the Prague Region. Charles University in Prague, 2006</ref> on this topic claims these factors:<br> | 5. Small, former retailers are threatened and see SC as “unfair rivals”.<br>6. The design of new SC often omits local urban patterns and so interrupts the landscape or even the historical values. A study<ref>J.Temelová (2004): The Reflection of Globalization in non-housing estate in Prague after 1990. In M.Ouředníček: Social Goegraphy of the Prague Region. Charles University in Prague, 2006</ref> on this topic claims these factors:<br> | ||
*A trend of globally active artist creating international images of cities has emerged, buildings are designed to show global success as a part of the marketing strategy of their | *A trend of globally active artist creating international images of cities has emerged, buildings are designed to show global success as a part of the marketing strategy of their owners. This means that the architecture is becoming rather unified, local specific manners are omitted often and so one can observe the same designs worldwide.Example images are shown to prove the theory (pictures taken from Wikipedia Commons):<br> | ||
*New projects engage foreign investors, which reflects in their names (Anděl Bussiness Center), in the similarity of financing (the developer designs the exterior x the client chooses the interior composition) and in construction similarity | |||
[[Image:240px-Downtown of Rio de Janeiro.jpg]] Rio De Janeiro, Brazil | |||
[[Image:240px-Sydney Skyline.jpg]] Sydney, Australia | |||
[[Image:240px-The London's Gherkin .jpg]] London, UK | |||
[[Image:240px-Tokyo Marunouchi01s3872.jpg]] Tokyo, Japan | |||
[[Image:240px-Toronto.jpg]]Toronto, Canada | |||
*New projects engage foreign investors, which reflects in their names (Anděl Bussiness Center), in the similarity of financing (the developer designs the exterior x the client chooses the interior composition) and in construction similarity - groundscraper model ilustrated by pictures from Wikipedia Commons: | |||
[[Image:240px-AON WAKAMATSU SHOPPING CENTER.jpg]] Shopping centre Wakamatsu. Fukuoka, Japan<br>[[Image:240px-Olympia Brno (2).jpg]] Shopping centre Olympia. Brno, Czech republic | |||
*Especially suburban stores and SC express rationality and purpose of machines of mass consume and create an atmosphere of a placeless city | *Especially suburban stores and SC express rationality and purpose of machines of mass consume and create an atmosphere of a placeless city | ||
<br> | |||
== Conflict<br> == | == Conflict<br> == | ||