Government & international organizations

Abstract: Ghana is equipped with major mineral resources. Ghana’s well-established mining sector is very important for its government as it contributes an average of 5.5% GDP from year 2000 to 2008. On the one side the mining Industry promotes export and builds working space for international investors and on the other side it generates jobs and fosters local integration through governmental education programs in this field. Gold production is also a very important source of foreign exchange. The biggest challenge is to combine economical growth through the mining sector with the impacts that the sector has on social and environmental issues.

Key words: local government, International Organizations, Ghana Mining Industry, Sustainable Development

Government, Local Government and International Organizations

Government

Government means an entity that sets and manages public policy, performs executive, political and sovereign power through customs, institutions and laws within a state.

Local Government

Local government is an entity that sets and manages public policy in a smaller area – typically a region or a municipality. It is a part of a decentralized public administration system and it has its own legislative and executive bodies. According to European Charter of Local Self-Government “local self-government denotes the right and the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population.” . Local governments are authorities closest to the citizens and therefore should be able to listen to their wishes and should act in their interest.

International Organizations

International organizations are defined as merges of states, which are funded under internationals laws. They have their own organs and scopes for which they are responsible. Their assignment is to accomplish the political, military, economical and social tasks, which were arranged before. The most important and biggest one is the United Nations.

Support by International Organization

Ghana’s foreign policy objectives focus on the “establishment of a just and equitable international economic policy and social order”. Furthermore Ghana obligates themselves to adherence the principles and aims of different International Organizations where Ghana is a member of, for example the United Nations.

Multilateral and bilateral support helps Ghana’s mining sector to sustain. Different international institutions funded projects to reinvigorate mining industries. For example:

• World Bank and Nordic Development Fund (Mining Sector Development and Environment Project 1995/ 1996)
• French Government and UNIDO (Mercury Abatement Program 1999/2002)
• European Union (Mining Sector Support Program 2002)
• Multi-donor agencies (Natural Resource and Environmental Governance Program 2008)

All these programs were implemented to provide institutional capacity building and to raise human resource capacity. Additionally they supported further priorities in the mining sector:

• Revision of the legal, fiscal and institutional frameworks
• Improvement of mineral rights processing and management systems
• Undertaking airborne geophysical as well as ground surveys to provide information for investment promotion
• Research to improve the ASM-sector (Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners)
• Provision of logistical support
• Studies into various aspects of the sector’s operations

Ghana’s government and the Mining Sector

Economy and its sustainable development

The mining industry is a very important sector for Ghana. Ghana has been a producer of gold since the 16h century and is today one of Africa’s leading gold producers. With the mining sector the Government wants to support growth in Ghana on an economically, socially, environmentally and sustainable basis. The mining industry can contribute to a sustainable economic development because it generates jobs and reduces poverty. Benefits out of the mining industry should be shared between private (international) investors and the Ghanaian stakeholders. There are special regulations to ensure transparency and a stable, competitive and fair policy. Economic growth is important for the international competition power of Ghana in the Globalization process. Therefore the support of export and international cooperation has to improve. Through economic growth environmental and social aspects can be neglected. It is a challenge to respect all three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental.

Environmental issues

Deforestation, habitat loss, land degradation, water and air pollution from waste dumps and tailings disposal are environmental impacts of the mining activity. Mining is therewith the most dangerous environmental threat in Ghana. The damage of the environment will be reinforced by illegal mining.

Therefore the government constituted a group of experts in late 80’s who reviewed existing policies related to environmental protection, and proposed a strategy to address the key issues. National Environmental Policy (NEAP) was adopted to provide the broad framework for the implementation of the action plan and to ensure sound management of resources for a period 1991-2000. Achievements of NEAP are visible mainly in following areas: pesticides control, legislation, environmental education and awareness and poverty.

The most important thing to do is to set standards which are binding for everyone and to prevent illegal mining. Mining companies need to be trained in social responsibility and environmentalism. For the environment protection different institutions were founded:

• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible to enforce environmental regulations.
• The Forestry Commission (FC) regulates the utilization of forest and wildlife resources.
• The Water Resources Commission (WRC) was established to regulate and manage the use of water resources and they co-ordinate any policy concerned with that.

Social conflicts

Beside the environmental damage that causes problems for the Ghanaian population there are also social conflicts which should be mentioned. The main problem is that many farmers and indigenous people lose their base of life through the allocation of land to mining companies. Another issue is the conflict between large-scale and small-scale miners. Large-scale miners argue that they fulfill legal requirements and small-scale miners and indigenous people say that there are cultural ties to land. Also there are health effects for miners and communities in mining regions.

Mining companies follow Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Strategies to care for the mentioned problems. For example, they provide free medical care for workers and their dependents; they endow medical care to members in host communities and some have HIV counseling and testing centers. Furthermore they support the combat against Malaria. International organizations pursue the idea of CSR in Ghana to secure international standards.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) could be an option as it is risky for an individual to venture alone. Through PPP the government has the opportunity to work together with mining companies. An example is that the Government has a Representation on Board of directors on the basis to achieve mutual interests rather than competition, to get involved and to get to know investors intentions.

Role and Interests of the Local Government

The roles and interests of local government will be shown on the example of the Wassa West district. There are several foreign companies operating surface gold mines .

The main interest of any local government should include sustainable local economic development on one hand and good and healthy living conditions for its citizens (service delivery) on other hand.

The environmental problems described before which are connected with mining in Ghana in general apply also to the West Wassa District. The assembly is aware of the problems and it has set several goals in its district development strategy, e.g. improve farmer income level, promote trade and small scale industries, ensure sustainable alternative livelihood, provide and improve school infrastructure, improve health care delivery, encourage proper housing layout, etc. Some projects within above mentioned fields are nowadays financed by mining companies operating in the area:

• Goldfields Ghana Limited (GFGL), has devoted 2.2 million dollars for community development programs in 2011: among the areas to benefit are agriculture, education, health, water and sanitation and micro enterprise
• Anglogold Ashanti Iduapriem Limited (AAIL), a mining company, has supported 240 farmers in the Adieyie area, to engage in maize and vegetable cultivation and fish farming.
• Gold Fields Ghana Limited has inaugurated a number of projects totaling 467,000 US dollars at a ceremony at Brahabebom near Tarkwa (e.g. construction of a three classroom block, Junior High School block).

The amounts invested by mining companies in local development are minimal in comparison with their total revenues. Since the local government in the Wassa West District shall guarantee both development and quality of life they should make use of this financing and build/ repair necessary infrastructure (roads, schools, hospitals) and try to improve life of its citizens (medical care, education, etc.). They also should negotiate with the mining companies about the future of the region when the mines will close down – e.g. complete revitalization of the area.

The municipalities in the region have already joined in Wassa Association of Communities affected by Mining. Its mission is the protection of the environment, natural resources and the rights of marginalized mining communities through advocacy, campaign and representation within a legal framework that is sensitive to the concerns of mining communities. The local government also should cooperate in its effort with other stakeholders so as: Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, National Association of Local Authorities Ghana (NALAG), Environmental Protection Agency and Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology.

Conclusion

The mining industry contributes to a great extent to Ghana’s economy. Through this sector there is an important investment flow from countries around the world to Ghana and many opportunities to foster export. That helps the population to enhance their living standards and has positive impacts on Ghana’s employment market. Therefore every input into this sector is necessary, but negative impacts out of the mining industry (environmental degradation, water pollution, deforestation, social conflicts, health problems etc.) need to be recognized and prevented by the Government and International Organizations. On that account universal social, environmental, health and economical standards have to be defined and converted.

Some key challenges could be a better linkage between the mining sector and the rest of the economy; the focus on other minerals than gold; the management of Artisanal and Small-Scale mining; to control the financial flows within the mining sector to secure transparency; provision of geo-scientific information to attract investment.

Transparent and predictable legislative and fiscal framework can be a major source of prosperity for the whole country. Mining companies and overall business can also make essential contributions towards sustainable development. Therefore there is a great need of effective governance environment that would allow the business sector to be able to raise general welfare and living standards. The way in which business can contribute this plan is to follow its corporate responsibility. OECD defines corporate responsibility as “the actions taken by businesses to nurture and enhance their relationship with the societies in which they operate” . Corporate responsibility contains principles and management techniques used to control environmental, health and safety outcomes and also used in labour relations. Societies provide to relationship between governance and corporate responsibility services as law enforcement, regulation, and investment in public goods used by business, by financing activities by a well designed and disciplined tax system. Getting right the balance between economic and social goals and between individual and communal goals is a great task for any society. Labour, civil and political rights are essential. Government must be efficient and effective so it can deliver the services that support business activity - prudential supervision, infrastructure investment, protection of property, contract enforcement, investment in public goods, and provision of public services.