Syndrome approach applied in Ore Mountains

Syndromes of "use"

Syndrome of Sahel desert - excessive cultivation of marginal areas

Krušné hory have experienced in the Middle Ages and modern expansion in the mining of metals, gemstones and decorative stone, wood, fluorite, during the postwar uranium. The area was significantly more populated than today and therefore intensively used for agriculture but in terms of excessive use we can speak for Krušné hory just about postwar grand quarry surface lignite mining, which imminently periled and still threatens both the stability of the southern slopes of the Krušné hory, landslides in the mining pit quarry Cs. Army located in the southwest of the Upper and Cernice Jiretin, secondly growths of beeches on the slopes of both the direct disposal of mining and demolition of groundwater, but also from under humidification and overheated exposed rock "plates" can be reversed to the south. We can’t speak about classic over cultivated peripheral areas in effect of intensive agricultural or forest production.

The syndrome of excessive use of over-exploitation of natural ecosystems

Destruction of primary forest natural communities that began in the Krušné Hory in the large scale in the Middle Ages with the development of minerals mining, cities, factories and industry first in the foothills, for which the timber was first, as well as building material, both the energy resource used coal simultaneously. Natural mixed forests and all-aged the Krušné hory were like elsewhere gradually converted to partially even-aged stand spruce monocultures, much less ecologically stable and more prone to calamities pest, wind resistant to calamities, a lower-performing, non-productive forest functions, especially functions water-accumulative, soil protected, the role of refugium varied mix of other plant and animal species and thus significantly depleted in terms of biodiversity. This entering to the destruction was accomplished by exposure of exhalations from the surface mining of coal, a large concentration of power and heating plants, heavy metallurgical and chemical industries located in the foothills after World War II, when there was a gradual decay of the pine plantations at higher elevations of Krušné hory. They were exposed to these emissions as well as chimney height, while beech forests in the cross valleys and on the southern slopes against emissions survived. In order to maintain those at least, the forest manager in particular the southern slopes of the Ore Mountains, crossed the rotation period of the beeches, but they are now very elderly, so it is high time to start restoring them. On the site, where the spruces were destroyed by pollution, there have been made attempts to restore the spruces in the 70th past century. Planting spruce original provenance, however, due to ongoing stress by pollution was not successful and stands a few years back were perished. Therefore, an attempt was made by planting more resistant non-original blue spruce, which survived in some places, but often also killed, and certainly it is not full-value substitute for spruce in terms of domestic use. Therefore, it was gradually resigned to a full economic recovery of forest and time to solve the problem of air pollution and foresters started to plant trees of types such as of birch, rowan and other so-called "pioneer species" that are designed to improve the soil profile, to bring more humus, to lower its acidity and excite crust, which is shallow beneath the surface created by precipitation and neutralization of acid rain reactions with bases of soil. It is not needed to mention any other serious destruction of ecosystem in Krušné hory - if at all, it occurs only locally in connection with mining and construction in the meantime on a small scale, although it still face to some danger - particularly with the development of the construction of wind and solar power, occupation of wide areas of pasture, wetlands and peat lands threats of ameliorate effect digs for cable-related leads of electricity to the networks, the need to build new roads to those facilities, and finally in connection with the return of equipment for sport and recreation. The biggest sources of air pollution in the foothills in the nineties of 20th century were desulphurized or shut down and the situation on the edge and the tableland of the Krušné hory is significantly improved.

Syndrome of rural depopulation - caused by environmental degradation through abandonment of traditional agricultural practices

Depopulation of entire border zone after WWII - degradation, acidity of soil, etc. observable in the whole width of border, compared with the situation abroad.

This syndrome undoubtedly toke effect after World War II, much seriously than leaving the positions of officers after 1990. While the expulsion of German population of the territory lost the true landlords, connected with the territory and its natural conditions for hundreds of years in many generations, who worked intensively under the climatic conditions on agricultural land, forests, after World War II the agriculture reduced to extensive livestock grazing, arable land and crop production up to meadow farming and grassland almost disappeared, forest management and wood production decreased in intensity as well. There was the lack of occupation not only in quantity but also quality of new people, recruited partly from the "gold-diggers", who just robbed an abandoned farm houses, expelled Germans and then returned "home" in the inland part of Slovaks, Volyň Czechs, Podkarpaty Russians, Hungarians and Gipsies, who moved there after the war in the kind of a recruitment, attracted to come there for simple possibility of acquisition of housing estates, but unable to take over the local economy at the same level as those achieved with the original German population. Ironically, as previously intensive used land and vegetation cover, especially in the woods, but in places abandoned settlements and they began to return to the natural succession of close to nature, ecosystems, while the forests have remained more marked by unnatural monoculture spruce forestation. That is the reason why we can now found in many places in the middle of forest enclaves, paradoxically, fruit trees, ornamental trees, while in the there are no visible cellars and foundations of demolished houses after the war, often serving as targets in exercises of the army.

Dust bowl syndrome - unsustainable agro-industrial use of land and water resources

This syndrome did apply in the Krušné hory neither in the past nor at present time. Even during the largest growth of population in the late 19th and in the first half of the 20 century in the agricultural production did not exceed the carrying capacity of the landscape, not even the local water resources were overused. As in other parts of the country, there were some water creations established in the early 20th century designed to hold water for industry and population, to protect against the foothills of the torrential rainfall, which was a reasonable measure of the countryside and good "fit" into the surrounding ecosystem (eg Křižatky, Křimov, Jirkov). We cannot say with the confidence the same about the higher accumulation built after World War II. World War II, motivated by the same needs of the developing industry in the foothills, but increasingly the effort to protect against floods, where forests, due to the reasons described above, lost their ability to retain water, protect drainage and reduce the course of torrential rain and flood waves caused by the flow towards in the foothills, such as VD Přísečnoce north Klášterec nad Ohri or Flaje north Litvinov and Meziboří. However protecting large quarries in the foothills required major interventions in the original natural drainage situation, water from the Krušné hory, consisting in the interception of the mine shafts and lead away this work on artificial channel lengths up to tens of kilometers. This is obviously due to changing water conditions in the foothills, which is in the "shadow of collision" Krušné hory, and is highly dependent on the inflow of water from them. This led to the need of building water mains in the foothills of one of the largest drinking water supply systems, linking surface and groundwater resources in major water systems of North Bohemia, which is based on water transfers between river basins, and few resources, and ensure reliable supply in spite of the interventions in the water regime of the mountains and foothills.

Syndrome Katanga - environmental degradation caused by consumption of non-renewable resources =

Krušné hory themselves regarding its mining of metal ores, precious stones, fluorite and uranium, are old-fashioned and to the consequences of uranium mining (including piles of increased radioactivity) after they left a greater environmental burden in the country. Territory suffers any over-extraction of aggregates for construction purposes. The same can be said about the foothills region, where in direct contact with the southern slopes of the Krušné hory ran deep, and has continued to surface coal mining. This is not only at areas close to the foot of the slopes around the castle and the hill Jansky Jezeri directly threatens the stability of slopes and vegetation cover beech, but there are secondary damages thanks to mining technology of trench hoes, which overburden overlying soils and their own coal seam with sloams not allowing selective mining of ceramic clay, gravel and other raw materials, which are hopelessly mixed with hoppers, thereby undermining and lost for some more rational use.

Syndrome of mass tourism - development and destruction of nature as a result of recreation

Any large concentration of seasonal visitors, even if only in the summer or just winter, is unnatural and potentially dangerous to the balance of economic, social and environmental areas. However, unlike the Giant, or Jeseníky Sumava Ore Mountains, not yet after decades of environmental degradation, the opportunity to reach an overload sports and recreational activities. Most facilities for tourist use, sport and recreation, which was built in the second half of 19th and in the first half of the 20 century as a recreation industry background, but also offer variegate cruise offer spa towns in the foothills, the elderly and poor, requiring costly reconstruction or replacement by new buildings. Greater inflow of visitors have only experienced in the winter ski resorts in Klínovec in the western part, in Buřňák and Telnice in the eastern part of the Krušné hory. Solitaire attractive tourist destination in the offer is to climb the Bohosudov tower north of Teplice. On the plateau of the Krušné hory are currently building and maintaining new ski tracks, developing the dog races, but there is still a lack of more facilities for summer recreation, from high-quality cycling trails, facilities for swimming (financial mess ended in an attempt to establish the Aquapark Bublava) etc . Krušné hory therefore does not suffer from mass tourism syndrome - on the contrary are still significant untapped potential, and enhanced open borders with Germany and the possibility of better transport links and cooperation with the German tourist destinations on the north side of the mountains, such as from west to east Klingenthal, Johann- georgenstadt, Oberwiesenthal, Annaberg - Buchholz and Bärenstein, Olbernhau, Kurort Seiffen, Zinwald - Altenberg - Geising. This could bring to the Czech part of the Krušné hory and foreign clientele, just be there for something attractive to offer visitors and know what to expect.

Syndrome scorched earth - environmental destruction due to wars and military actions

Krušné hory has always been a natural protective rampart of Czech part of borders and thus the Bohemian kingdom, the northern border of Austria-Hungary and later Czechoslovakia and finally the Czech Republic, but wars with their ridges and plateaus usually avoided by close passes, especially to pass on their Nakléřovského East side. Troops passed through here Napoleonic France, Prussia, Austria-Hungary and Russia and here in the foothills saw one of the battles of the Napoleonic wars, as was demonstrated today at the memorial of the participating armies Přestanov, Chlumec and Telnice of 1813, facing one way stream of Nazi troops Germany during the occupation of the Sudetenland in 1938 and the rest of Bohemia in 1939, passed Panzer Army broke the end of the 2nd USSR World War II during the liberation of Czechoslovakia in May 1945 and occupying armies GDR and the USSR in 1968. Most of the damage and human casualties caused by all but those military operations here in the Erzgebirge, paradoxically, the Napoleonic battles of the 19th century and the greatest devastation occurred to the deportation of the German population after World War II, coupled with no occupation and destroying many of the earlier settlements, farms, houses, factories, small water reservoirs, wells, and federal cultural facilities, hiking trails, observation towers, a restaurant, prospects, churches and chapels, etc., which were way of life and the seal of the responsible use of land, natural resources and man-made fund of ancestral people. Newcomers have seen this wealth often as enemy property, plunder, for something that is not a shame to destroy it. Also, because it was easier to commit the huge devastation of the landscape, nature and housing surface mining of brown coal in the foothills, associated with destruction of more than 100 villages, fertile land and vast natural resources, including a spa (formerly Klasterec N. O., and later Kyselka near Karlovy Vary and recently also Bílina).

Syndromes of “development”

Syndrome of the Aral Sea - environmental damage as a result of large-scale landscape projects

The decisive factor is the scale of projects and the burden rate. Whenever the area has an ability to adapt and regenerate, the damage might be irreversible; therefore the human activities are crucial for the regulation of correct identification of that "degree", which is heavy and against the pressure of business interests and the money hardly defensible, if we learn how to routinely use tools such Seják’s and Dejmal’s method of economic evaluation of ecosystem services, and comprehensive assessment of projects in terms of contributions and benefits, including externalities, and the entire period of operation, not just the initial investment of the investor. For the Krušné hory was a fatal excess of reasonable rate in this manner, scale and scope of lignite mining in the high concentration of power, heating, heavy industry in the foothills and their negative impacts on the environment surrounding the nearby Krušné hory, on the health of their inhabitants, nature, landscape, water regime and the social composition of the population. Consequences persist to this day, and yet all ended - see attempts re-breakthrough so-called "territorial limits of ecological exploitation" in the space of quarry VČSA towards Cernice and Horní Jiretin and Litvinov. The fail to achieve a turnover in the business community in North Bohemia heads or representatives of public administration and the reorientation of the economic profile of the region from mining, energy, heavy industry to the Tertiary, therefore, to develop services, healthcare, spa, social welfare, tourism, a partial return primer the reclaimed areas after mining and secondary then to more sophisticated, the raw material and less energy-intensive products and technologies with a higher evaluation of inputs and lower negative impact on the environment and public health. This is still waiting to be done in this particular area.

Green Revolution Syndrome - environmental degradation due to the introduction of inappropriate farming methods

It seems that something like this does not threat the Krušné hory, unless renewed attempt to alter the mixed stand today on the ground dead spruce monocultures again monocultural pine forest and economic, if not in agriculture Attempts to drain the plateau existing wetlands or to a greater extent zornit existing grassland and pastures, where the permanent grass protects the soil against wind and water erosion. Potential danger could be the intensification of livestock extension or farming industry of artificial forest animals for meat, as sometimes occurs in the CR. But so far nothing of this in the Erzgebirge (unlike the Lusatian Mountains) I know about.

Syndrome of the Asian tigers - to ignore environmental standards in the course of rapid economic growth

Krušné hory hadn´t experienced such a period of both in the Middle Ages, both the beginning of modern times, when it carried out extensive exploration and mining town was formed, and hopefully it is the foothills of this phase of development as well as themselves. Recently such risk may involve the development of recreation and tourism and transport, where the failure to provide the public administration responsible and to enforce respect for the regulator to human activity planning tools and assessment environment. It will be important how the foothills of the industry will be directed and whether it will retain the existing manufacturing and technology programs, or redirecting the technology and products harmful to the environment. There are no other threats which I can think of now.

Favela syndrome of environmental degradation due to uncontrolled urban growth

In the Krušné hory there are large settlements with development potential such as to attract as many new residents who would have to rise apartment provisional favelas. Nothing similar to what we can observe in the foothills. However in some cities, close to the foothills as Rotava, Letterkenny, Chodov Island, Klasterec n. O., Kadan, Chomutov, Jirkov, Most and Litvinov, Lom, Osek Bilina, Duchcov Teplice, Krupka and Usti nad Labem, there is the conversion of some parts of the Roma ghettos and other less adaptable and less integrable population, which could lead to the degradation of construction funds (controlled by Chánov settlement in bridge), but also to significant disruptions in living up to the open conflict (with the government of Chomutov confiscation of social support debtors, recently open conflict with violence on a housing estate in Litvinov Genoa, Roma violence in the Gadje Krupka - with racial overtones Bohosudov and others). The attention should be paid on ths – a person whom might share his experience the best is Šťovíček Milan, a new member for public affairs and a former mayor Litvinova (formerly ODS). Syndrome bush settlement - destruction of the landscape as a result of the planned expansion of urban infrastructure .

Besides the signs of such developments around Carlsbad and in the eastern parts of Teplice and Usti nad Labem is no such thing, in the Krušné hory and their foothills there yet, but it may change, improve when more significantly the environment and boost the economy if cities foothills so that the area is becoming attractive again for new habitants. Nowadays, just the ancestral habitants are living there - as in Usti nad Labem in Skorotice or Božtěšicích around Karlovy Vary is a specific group of investors large community of Russians who are settled in an unprecedented scale, using apparent in Russia and elsewhere improperly obtained funds which corrupt local governance and comply with our regulations, which somewhat irritates not only "natives." A warning case of Mr Stepanov, one involving the Russian village in the Slavkov Forest Protected Landscape illegally by corrupting his office building in Carlsbad later robbed of.

Syndrome of severe accident environmental unique man-made disaster with long-term impact

In the Krušné hory they experienced an environmental catastrophe in the second half of the 20 century, when the pine woods died, as described above. Consequences of soil acidification persist even decades, and a full return of the forest is expected to be a hundred years. Potentially dangerous fluctuations in climate are growing, more frequent storms, torrential rain, winds destroying because Krušné hory are the first major obstacle on the field mainly from northwest to southeast flow converting wet summer and warm ocean air across the German plains of central Europe and reduce the deforestation of their natural storage capacity and ability to prolong the period of run-off over a longer period. It is therefore a potential risk of flooding in the foothills, and the fact that the Krušné hory. Leaving the risk of disruption such as tanks, built in a seismic event or due to vibration caused by coal mining under the southern slopes, leaks of dangerous chemicals or fire at chemical plant in Litvinov - Záluží, the Association for Chemical and Metallurgical Production in Usti nad Labem other natural or man-made disaster, with possible consequences to the Krušné hory probably comes practically into account.

Syndromes "slump"

Chimney syndrome environmental degradation due to the extensive spread of longterm substances

This syndrome Krušné hory have experienced since the early industrial development in the foothills in the 19 century, increasingly slightly to the end of the 1st Republic, for its escalation occurred after the World War II, and contamination with pollutants from air and precipitation caused by the deposition continues today, although the concentration and composition of air pollution are no longer what the adverse effects of currently lower. So far it does not help either air liming, which again has secondary negative effects, because it achieves while neutralizing acidity of the soil, but it brings to an environment alien elements, which are adapted to local or indigenous and conservation of the flora or fauna, and so in addition to favorable effects, unfortunately, contributes to the disruption of liming still surviving indigenous communities. It's breaking wedge.

Syndrome dumping of waste environmental degradation due to controllable and uncontrollable disposal

Newly found dangers in border areas with Germany, are attempts to impose on us black waste, for whose the proper disposal or storage in Germany must also pay the CR. There are also entrepreneurs – dumbs who have such "import waste" a fictitious cover such intent to recycle waste or use something, without it they really intend to, so it does not build any capacities and withheld a "reward" for their barbarism and disrespect for their own country . When caught tries imported "interim storage" of waste and burn it gets rid of on the spot. Sparsely populated Krušné hory are a vast territory with no effective public control of residents, visitors, Mountain Rescue Service and Police, unfortunately, to these efforts from the Czech and German sides. The newly elected Members of Parliament may have something to tell about - Chief Mountain Ore Mountains Rudolf cold or former employee of Security Services at Nova Ves Kádner David Hills, from our mutual friends Peter Pakosta from Mount St. Catherine, and perhaps already mentioned Milan Šťovíček or PaeDr. George Roth from Chomutov of his work in public administration.

Syndrome soil contamination of local environmental assets in industrial areas

See the notes already mentioned above.

Other conflicts of blank

Conflict between the generations in understanding the possible coexistence of Germans

At the border with Germany is a significant difference in the perception of Germany and the Germans among people who experienced the end of 1st Republic and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia during the war. The postwar generations immediately, brought the one preceding and during the communist rule and the youngest, no more post-war generations, imaginative own sinister or memories, or communist indoctrination. Those young people already hear the Sudeten Germans, the threat of the return or the required compensation for evictions and possessions seized without a court applying the principle of collective guilt on all of the Sudeten German population, while the elderly are still sensitive to this and many Czech politicians with this card and still successfully play haunts (a KSCM , Klaus, Bobošíková and others). While cross-border cooperation with neighboring communities and people in Germany, which emerged in this part of the increase much like legacy of communist rule (SED) in the former GDR, and also needs to recover, is a chance for revival in our country. Respectively on the (West) Germany. Bavarian side, which is richer than Saxony after the war and took over the patronage of the interests of Germans displaced, there is a clear effort to help restore at least some common natural and cultural heritage in the Czech border. But it should not be just one way we help them. We should also express their desire for restoration of damaged relationships, forgive, admit mistakes, subscribe to the common heritage and contribute your own work, not just accept outside help, and preserve sufficient evidence of mutual forgiveness, as the case happened to Broumovsko. We want to be together and Europeans live in peace, don’t we?

Conflict of protective regimes in the Krušné hory - to economic development such as construction of wind or photovoltaic power

The fundamental problem in dealing with these conflicts and problems in our inflexible positions, holding extreme views and one-sided, lasting inability to communicate and civilized unawareness of mutually acceptable solution, even if everyone had 'something' to backtrack on its so-called "rights and powers". By the Ministry is in the defense of the landscape character of the underestimation of both the economic and social pillars of sustainability, but, paradoxically, some aspects of the environmental pillar, territorially the inability to differentiate and recognize that sometimes these new objects rather than a obstruction, but even enrich the landscape and elsewhere is really allow for various reasons can not. It's a matter of degree and individual assessment, but also considering the national context - nowhere else in the CR is not as favorable wind conditions outside the top two categories of nature that is outside national parks and protected landscape areas, just as in the Krušné hory.